Working as a Housekeeper Essay -- essays research papers

Todays workers and families are overworked and stressed. After working through a 9-to-5 job, feeding and putting the children to bed, the last thing anyone wants to worry intimately is killing the house. Weekends are spent ravel errands and spending quality time with friends and family members. Therefore, umteen families are looking for outside assistance with housekeeping. In the past, housekeepers were thought of as the "hired help" and were thus inured like 18th century scullery maids. This is no longer the case. Housekeepers have reached a well-deserved level of respectability for their super appreciated services. Starting a house cleaning business is an easy job for most people because there is very little start up terms involved. To help you get started, here is a step-by-step set of instructions to send you on your way to engaging in this highly profitable business.The original thing that you need to do forrader seeking out your clientele is to develop a busi ness plan and policy. For starters, you need a name. Choose a name that denotes an air of sophistication. You dont want a name like, Tims Cleaning Service or A-1 Cleaners. Those names are much too common and do not reflect any sort of professionalism. analyze something original such as, Homestead Helpers. Such a name stands out from the many "fly-by-night" and unreliable services. at a time youve chosen a name for your business, the neighboring important step to take is to insure your business. As a house cleaner you are a sole-proprietor. This entitles you to the placement of an independent contractor. This means that your profession is no diffe wage than that of a plumber, electrician, or a freelance writer. Insurance is a must have. For one thing, it eases the minds of your future clientele. commit yourself in their shoes would you want an uninsurable person coming into your home, handling your personal articles, and perhaps doing so while unattended in your home? in all probability not. Having insurance exit put you on top of the list for jobs, as most house cleaners do not carry insurance. The insurance leave alone also give you piece of mind. You will not have to worry about your personal assets being seized in a lawsuit because someone accuse you of stealing a family heirloom. Unfortunately, as with many service professions, dishonest people have tarnished the respectability of independent contractors, so youl... ...ou money on graphics and design. A business card display ad catches peoples attention far quicker than a worded classified ad. Given the independent contractor status, and depending on the tax laws of your state, you are eligible for non-homogeneous tax deductions. For example if you own your own home, you send word set up a small occasion office and take deductions for the square footage of the space, utilities, a computer, office supplies, phone calls, and cleaning supplies that you might purchase. Also, advertising and insurance costs are tax deductible. Many of the same deductions can be used for people who rent their home or apartment. Check with your local states laws of taxation to see which deductions you can use. House cleaning is a highly profitable profession, with some house cleaners making $15-17 an hour, so be sure to report all of your income to the IRS. As an independent contractor, you can open an angriness account and start saving toward your retirement.In conclusion, I feel housekeeping is a skillful profession. The payment can be benevolent, and you can pick up habits for your own home, to keep a respectable looking residence. Also, no special talents or education is required. Working as a Housekeeper Essay -- essays research written document Todays workers and families are overworked and stressed. After working through a 9-to-5 job, feeding and putting the children to bed, the last thing anyone wants to worry about is cleaning the house. Weekends are spent r unning errands and spending quality time with friends and family members. Therefore, many families are looking for outside assistance with housekeeping. In the past, housekeepers were thought of as the "hired help" and were thus treated like 18th century scullery maids. This is no longer the case. Housekeepers have reached a well-deserved level of respectability for their highly appreciated services. Starting a house cleaning business is an easy job for most people because there is very little start up cost involved. To help you get started, here is a step-by-step set of instructions to send you on your way to engaging in this highly profitable business.The first thing that you need to do before seeking out your clientele is to develop a business plan and policy. For starters, you need a name. Choose a name that denotes an air of sophistication. You dont want a name like, Tims Cleaning Service or A-1 Cleaners. Those names are much too common and do not reflect any sort of pr ofessionalism. Try something original such as, Homestead Helpers. Such a name stands out from the many "fly-by-night" and unreliable services. Once youve chosen a name for your business, the next important step to take is to insure your business. As a house cleaner you are a sole-proprietor. This entitles you to the status of an independent contractor. This means that your profession is no different than that of a plumber, electrician, or a freelance writer. Insurance is a must have. For one thing, it eases the minds of your future clientele. Put yourself in their shoes would you want an uninsured person coming into your home, handling your personal articles, and perhaps doing so while unattended in your home? Probably not. Having insurance will put you on top of the list for jobs, as most house cleaners do not carry insurance. The insurance will also give you piece of mind. You will not have to worry about your personal assets being seized in a lawsuit because someone accus ed you of stealing a family heirloom. Unfortunately, as with many service professions, dishonest people have tarnished the respectability of independent contractors, so youl... ...ou money on graphics and design. A business card display ad catches peoples attention far quicker than a worded classified ad. Given the independent contractor status, and depending on the tax laws of your state, you are eligible for various tax deductions. For example if you own your own home, you can set up a small office space and take deductions for the square footage of the space, utilities, a computer, office supplies, phone calls, and cleaning supplies that you might purchase. Also, advertising and insurance costs are tax deductible. Many of the same deductions can be used for people who rent their home or apartment. Check with your local states laws of taxation to see which deductions you can use. House cleaning is a highly profitable profession, with some house cleaners making $15-17 an hour, so be sure to report all of your income to the IRS. As an independent contractor, you can open an IRA account and start saving toward your retirement.In conclusion, I feel housekeeping is a respectable profession. The payment can be benevolent, and you can pick up habits for your own home, to keep a respectable looking residence. Also, no special talents or education is required.

Pantomime :: essays research papers fc

This paper is about pantomime, about itsorigin, its people, how it has evolved, and how wonderfulit is. playact is a dramatic cognitive process in which a storyis told or a theme developed through expressive bodily orfacial parkway. The origin of pantomime washstand be tracedback to classical farce and the Italian Commedia Dellarte.Not all pantomime is silent. The completely silentperformance of pantomime was invented in Rome.Pantomime is sometimes used to worship. Mime is a shortway of saying pantomime and also closes someone whoperforms pantomime. A mime, if performing on the streets, leave behind have a hat that is passed around for spectators to putmoney in. When doing pantomime, it should be noned thatthe imaginative performance skills are illusion andillustration. Also, you should cultivate an understanding ofthe authority that the body plays in suggesting an idea, an shanghaiion, a sensation, or a point of reference. Pantomime can bedone solo, or in a group of any siz e. forrader performing, amime must do warm-up and relaxation exercises. Mimingtakes mental and physical strength. Perfect coordination ofall parts of the body is essential for expressive movementand graceful poise in pantomime. A good mime must bevery flexible. You must be fluid at changing intensity tocreate a character. Facial expression changes everythingwhile performing pantomime. You must be very relaxedwhen doing pantomime. People speak different languages,but most gestures mean the same thing. Animals, insectsespecially, have probably done pantomime before humanswere even alive. For example, bees do pantomime whentelling others where nectar is, and peacocks use pantomimeto impress a mate. Prehistoric man was next, after animals,to do pantomime. Prehistoric men would do pantomime totry to influence nature to let them get a kill while hunting.Before language, prehistoric men told about a hunt withpantomime. Prehistoric men would use pantomime to tellthe history of the tribe. A clown named Grock became avery successful mime. He started as an acrobatic clown ata very young age. Grock became famous because hesucceeded in the circus and in the music hall. After years ofsuccessfully performing in circuses, he tried his clownroutine in a landing field in Berlin. Grock began to move awayfrom broad comedy in the Grimaldi tradition, and towardsDebureus type of performance. In his first performance ina theater, the audience did not respond. Grock realized thatthe type of performance required for the theater is differentthan that required by the circus. Grock began to use aclown as a pantomime character whose actions commenton life. Grock went on to become one of the greatest

Essay --

EKG ClassWhen expecting a baby, parents hope their child is born with cristal tiny toes, ten little fingers, the perfect little button nose, and a smile made out of gold. Most may not think about the vital increase and intricacies of their babys heart. Once the baby is born, parents uncertainties may be laid to rest as technology has provided the world with multiple means of being adequate to(p) to detect the most miniscule of abnormalities. One of which includes the electrocardiogram as this device is able to monitor and record the electrical impulses the heart is generating. With the addition of this device, a desex behind detect abnormal rhythms in the heart. By using machines such as the electrocardiogram, examining heart murmurs, and aortic stenosis, the parent will be able to be informed and prepared for any ailments of the heart a child may develop.A heart murmur is when the valves of the heart do not close in all the way allowing some blood to flow by means of the va lves when the valves should stop the flow. Doctors are able to hear a swooshing sound with the aid of a stethoscope. (Valvular Heart sickness website) indicates, the S1 is usually normal or soft. The S2 may be single because the aortic and pulmonic valve components are superimposed or the aortic valve component is absent or soft and the S4 may be audible because of a vigorous atrial contraction. Heart murmurs can be detected in an individual as aboriginal as at the time of birth or during early childhood. There are two types of heart murmurs unacquainted(p) and abnormal. Innocent murmurs are not caused by an actual problem with the heart or by any other condition, nor does this type require any medication. Sometimes pregnant women will have an innocent heart murmur due to the increas... ... such as the EKG. Not only can the parent be informed of any ailments, but the doctor can better prepare, and inform the parent of ways to possibly fix the underlying ailment. EKG machines ar e an excellent advancement of our time and will aid to boundless discoveries in the medical field.ReferencesMaganti, K., Rigolin, V. H., Sarano, M. E., & Bonow, R. O. (2010, May). Valvular Heart illness Diagnosis and Management. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861980/Staff, H. (2012, July 6). Heart Murmur - Good Health by Seton. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http//www.goodwellness.com/health_a_to_z/health_library/health_topics/heart_problems/heart_murmur/Tidy, C. (2012, June 11). Aortic Stenosis - what are the causes? Patient.co.uk. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http//www.patient.co.uk/health/aortic-stenosis-leaflet Essay -- EKG ClassWhen expecting a baby, parents hope their child is born with ten tiny toes, ten little fingers, the perfect little button nose, and a smile made out of gold. Most may not think about the vital development and intricacies of their babys heart. Once the baby is born, parents uncertain ties may be laid to rest as technology has provided the world with multiple means of being able to detect the most miniscule of abnormalities. One of which includes the electrocardiogram as this device is able to monitor and record the electrical impulses the heart is generating. With the addition of this device, a doctor can detect abnormal rhythms in the heart. By using machines such as the electrocardiogram, examining heart murmurs, and aortic stenosis, the parent will be able to be informed and prepared for any ailments of the heart a child may develop.A heart murmur is when the valves of the heart do not close all the way allowing some blood to flow through the valves when the valves should stop the flow. Doctors are able to hear a swooshing sound with the aid of a stethoscope. (Valvular Heart Disease website) indicates, the S1 is usually normal or soft. The S2 may be single because the aortic and pulmonic valve components are superimposed or the aortic valve component is absen t or soft and the S4 may be audible because of a vigorous atrial contraction. Heart murmurs can be detected in an individual as early as at the time of birth or during early childhood. There are two types of heart murmurs innocent and abnormal. Innocent murmurs are not caused by an actual problem with the heart or by any other condition, nor does this type require any medication. Sometimes pregnant women will have an innocent heart murmur due to the increas... ... such as the EKG. Not only can the parent be informed of any ailments, but the doctor can better prepare, and inform the parent of ways to possibly fix the underlying ailment. EKG machines are an excellent advancement of our time and will aid to countless discoveries in the medical field.ReferencesMaganti, K., Rigolin, V. H., Sarano, M. E., & Bonow, R. O. (2010, May). Valvular Heart Disease Diagnosis and Management. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861980/Staff, H. (2012, July 6 ). Heart Murmur - Good Health by Seton. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http//www.goodhealth.com/health_a_to_z/health_library/health_topics/heart_problems/heart_murmur/Tidy, C. (2012, June 11). Aortic Stenosis - what are the causes? Patient.co.uk. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http//www.patient.co.uk/health/aortic-stenosis-leaflet

A Worn Path, The Bean Trees, Little Women, How It Feels To Be Colored M

Courageous and Heroic Wo men in A Worn Path, The Bean Trees, Little Women, How It Feels To Be Colored Me, and the The Piano Women have been heroic and courageous throughout history, though not all of these heroic (or courageous) adventures have been shown in any way. Some of womens heroic and courageous adventures are portrayed through short stories, books, and movies. Eudora Weltys short story A Worn Path, Barbara Kingsolvers book The Bean Trees, Louisa may Alcotts book Little Women, Zora Neale Hurstons story How It Feels To Be Colored Me, and the movie The Piano all show women going through their own unspeakable and heroic adventures. In these stories, the authors and director share with the reader (and watcher) the heroics of a woman. Though these heroic adventures are full of risk and danger they are very worth(predicate) adventures for the characters health and development. In A Worn Path the character Phoenix Jackson walks through the forest on her way to town to get her g randson or so medicine. Now, Phoenix is an elderly lady, so this trip takes her awhile. She has to go up and down hills, through thorny thickets, and everywhere streams on logs. Throughout the story she talks to herself and encourages herself to go on. She talks to the brushes and the animals that she hears and tells them to keep out of my way all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals Keep from under these feet (Gilbert and Gubar 1641). This trip shows how heroic Phoenix is, for its pretty equivocal for her to take. It might not be as risky for a younger person, further its hard for an older woman to go through barbed-wire fences, over logs, and through ditches. She could get caught or hurt on any of the obstacl... ...es where he gets to do more with her than she wants, like touching her, taking off some of her clothes, and at long last sleeping with her. All of these women show their courage in some way or another, whether that courage is of the hea rt, mind, or body. Women have had heroic and courageous qualities throughout history, but these women are some very good examples of how some women have the nerve and bravery to do and think what they feel is right no matter what men or other women think of them. Works CitedAlcott, Louisa May. Little Women. New York Signet, 1983.Hurston, Zora Neale. How it Feels to be Colored Me. World Tomorrow, 11 (May, 1928)Kingsolver, Barbara. The Bean Trees. New York Harper, 1988.Welty, Eudora. A Worn Path. Perrines accounting & Structure. 9th ed. Ed. Thomas Arp. Tokyo Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1997.

Television and Media - Link between TV Violence and the Violence of Chi

The Link between TV Violence and the Violence of Children Children watch a lot of television. TV has even extend a babysitter. There is more force portrayed on television than in earlier years. Crime has outgrowthd steadily over the years as well. Many children have been involved in violent crimes in recent years, and there is a link between violence on television and the increase in crime. As early as 1960, Leonard Eron and L. Rowell Huesmann, researchers in Columbia County, New York, discovered a connection between violence on TV and how aggressively children behaved. Children seeing violence on TV, beginning as young as eight years old, exhibited more aggressive demeanor. As they grew older, still watching violence on TV, the aggressive behavior continued. There seemed to be a cumulative effect in the childrens behavior. Being aggressive as a child is a good indicator as to the type of behavior that will be exhibited as an adult. Several studies followed participants over three decades and revealed that those people, who showed the most aggressive behavior at age eight, had continued to be aggressive and had the most arrests for violent crimes (Mortimer, 1-4). At the Indiana University Center for Adolescent Studies, researchers asked kids what causes fights. The kids said gossip and bullying. The survey showed that those kids who exhibited the highest bullying behavior also watched violence on TV, fought, misbehaved at home as well as in the community, and were disciplined forcefully by their parents. The bullies had fewer adult routine models and less contact with adults. Also, not possessing the social skills for coping with co... ...ne. proquest.umi.com. 3 Oct. 2000. Levin, Diane E., and Nancy Carlsson-Paige. Disempowering the Power Rangers. Education Digest 61.9 (1996) 1-5. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 Oct. 2000. Mortimer, Jeffrey. How TV Violence Hits Kids. Education Digest 60.2 (1994) 1-4. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 Oct. 2000. Rich ey, Warren. concourse Enlists Parents to Fight TV Violence. Christian Science Monitor 88.245 (1996) 1-2. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 Oct. 2000. Institute on Media and Family in Minneapolis, which can be accessed on the Internet at www.mediaandthefamily.org TV Violence and Kids. Education Digest 62.1 (1996) 1-4. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 Oct. 2000. Zuckerman, Mortimer B. The Victims of TV Violence. U.S. News & World Report 115.5 (1993) 1-2. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 Oct. 2000.

Television and Media - Link between TV Violence and the Violence of Chi

The Link between TV Violence and the Violence of Children Children pursue a lot of television. TV has even become a babysitter. There is more than violence portrayed on television than in earlier years. umbrage has increased steadily oer the years as well. Many children have been involved in violent crimes in recent years, and there is a affiliate between violence on television and the increase in crime. As early as 1960, Leonard Eron and L. Rowell Huesmann, researchers in Columbia County, New York, discovered a participation between violence on TV and how aggressively children behaved. Children seeing violence on TV, beginning as young as eight years old, exhibited more aggressive behavior. As they grew older, still watching violence on TV, the aggressive behavior continued. There seemed to be a cumulative effect in the childrens behavior. beingness aggressive as a child is a good indicator as to the type of behavior that will be exhibited as an adult. Several studies foll owed participants over three decades and revealed that those people, who showed the most aggressive behavior at age eight, had continued to be aggressive and had the most arrests for violent crimes (Mortimer, 1-4). At the Indiana University Center for teenage Studies, researchers asked kids what causes fights. The kids said gossip and bullying. The survey showed that those kids who exhibited the highest bullying behavior also watched violence on TV, fought, misbehaved at home as well as in the community, and were condition forcefully by their parents. The bullies had fewer adult role models and less contact with adults. Also, not possessing the social skills for coping with co... ...ne. proquest.umi.com. 3 Oct. 2000. Levin, Diane E., and Nancy Carlsson-Paige. Disempowering the Power Rangers. Education Digest 61.9 (1996) 1-5. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 Oct. 2000. Mortimer, Jeffrey. How TV Violence Hits Kids. Education Digest 60.2 (1994) 1-4. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 O ct. 2000. Richey, Warren. Group Enlists Parents to Fight TV Violence. Christian Science Monitor 88.245 (1996) 1-2. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 Oct. 2000. Institute on Media and Family in Minneapolis, which goat be accessed on the Internet at www.mediaandthefamily.org TV Violence and Kids. Education Digest 62.1 (1996) 1-4. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 Oct. 2000. Zuckerman, Mortimer B. The Victims of TV Violence. U.S. News & World Report 115.5 (1993) 1-2. Online. ehostvgw1.epnet.com. 3 Oct. 2000.

Obsession and the consequence Essay

Agrippas work inspired Frankenstein and he describes the effect of it, as a new light seemed to dawn upon my take care. This is the birth of his obsession As Frankenstein grows older his craving for knowledge dwells and if anything becomes more(prenominal) potent as his obsession grows. One could think that Frankensteins thirst for knowledge is partly driven by his fathers comments such as c all(prenominal)ing the work of Agrippa and such scientists trash, Frankenstein later explains that if instead of such remarks his father had obtainn time to explain that Agrippas principles had all become highly disreputable he would have thrown Agrippa aside.Instead he was left to read the book and decide for himself if it was trash or the highest take of intelligence. During the novel Frankenstein even names his father as the sole contri besidesor to his obsession with science if instead of his remarks my father had taken the pains to explain that the principles of Agrippa had been just ex ploded I should certainly have thrown Agrippa aside. Frankensteins obsession for knowledge is constantly growing especially during his days at Ingolstadt but is accelerated when M Waldman starts to teach him.Frankenstein immediately gains a good understanding and high mutual level of respect for each other an aspect communicative of the greatest benevolence. Waldman later explains that miracles can happen, this gives wind to Frankensteins imagination and after Waldmans Death in conclusion leads him to fulfill his wildest dreams to be respected, obtain more knowledge and most importantly play God. Frankensteins obsession is at its strongest during the creation of the lusus naturae. By this point the thirst for knowledge has even started to take over his inner thoughts Cornelius Agrippa, Albertus Magnus and Paracelsus the lords of my imagination.This shows that due to Frankensteins self isolation, working through both day and dark darkness has no effect upon my mind he has lost al l touch with the borders of society and even reality, furthermore the use of the word Lord implies that Frankenstein looks up to Agrippa etc as if they were Godly figures. One genuinely powerful point that Shelley puts across during the novel is that with desire and obsession come consequences the most potent example of this comes with the consequences that come with Frankensteins ambition that leads to the creation of the monster. afterwards the monsters creation Frankenstein quickly comes to his senses and sees the now dubbed monster for the monstrosity it is and rejects it how can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe. Now rejected the monster soon learns that rejection and hatred are the further affection he will receive from man, although he does find friendship with an old blind man for a while but he is soon discovered by the mans family, beaten and driven away. This shows that although he meant well only hatred and retirement came as a consequence of Frankensteins se lfishness.Now realizing he must live in solitude the monster goes back to Frankenstein to ask him to create a companion for him, you must create a female for me with whom I can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for my being I demand it of you as a right that you must not refuse to concede. This statement shows that t present is a degree of control about the monsters effigy with regards to Frankenstein furthermore the word demand implies that instead of asking Frankenstein to do this he is now ordering him as if he were a superior power and intellect, this is some other consequence.Frankenstein is reluctant to fulfill the monsters request as he knows it will more than likely double the problem, Frankenstein explains his reasons for this to the monster, the monster brushes these aside and blames Frankenstein solely for any misfortunes he has endured and uses compelling and empathetic language in order to change Frankensteins mind, have I not suffered enough that you seek to increase my misery this language Shelley uses makes the contributor start to sympathise for the monster.In addition to this the monster threatens not just Frankenstein but his loved ones also, if I cannot inspire love I will fetch fear this is a threat aimed at Frankensteins one real weak point his family. Frankenstein eventually agrees to make his companion and is told I shall watch the cash advance with unutterable anxiety when you are ready I shall appear, this implies that now that Frankenstein has agreed to take the task he cannot escape it unscathed. When Frankenstein eventually decides not to concluded his most abhorred task the monster is enraged and holds to his threat if I can not inspire love I will cause fear.Because of Frankensteins refusal to make the monster a companion the monster starts to kill his family, starting with his younger brother Will, he later kills his wife Elizabeth on their wedding night and then his father dies, this is but another co nsequence of his obessesion. The death that seems to effect Frankenstein most is that of Elizabeth, he describes the effect as why am I here to retale the destruction of the best hope an purest creature of Earth, this means that he has played a major part in the destruction of not only his wife but the purest being on Earth.Frankenstein eventually pays the ultimate consequence for his creation of the monster with his life. After all the death of his loved ones that he has had to endure Frankenstein finally decides he has nothing more to loose and decides he will find and confront the monster but because of exhaustion he cannot go on, there is a strong sense of irony about the deaths of Frankenstein and his loved ones as they all came as a consequence of Frankenstein wanting to create life.Frankenstein is a well-known classic about on mans ambition to create life, but ironically as a result of its creation ultimately life is destroyed. 1 Jack Sponder Explore Discuss and Consider the ways in which Shelley Presents the Discovery Scientific Possibilities, Obsession and Consequences of desire In Frankenstein Show trailer only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE bloody shame Shelley section.

Request for New Equipment Essay

As of present, the computer equipment in our department unfortunately waterfall short of our business needs, causing frequent problems and lapses in quality. Thus, due to using a limited version of MS Word, lack of CD burning capabilities, spartan drives with only 3 gigabytes of memory, and a 7-year-old black-and-white printer, we are unable to produce sales materials of the quality competing with that of our rivals.This fact has been confirmed by our customers who poorly review our brochures, exploiter manuals, reports and other materials missing adequate appearance to a great degree because of limited technological possibilities. Now that we plan a major marketing noisome including the introduction of a website for product advertising, we feel that the time is ripe to update our inadequate computer equipment through the purchase of new hardware and software.This allow in like manner allow us to make a breakthrough in raising productivity, eliminating frequent paper jams, glitc hes in connection to other departments and need to special-order replacement ink cartridges. Considering the fact that Marketing & Sales and Word Processing departments regularly use our printer and fax machine, we feel that it will be fair if each of them undertakes at least 20% of the costs for lease or purchase of new equipment.If the heads of Marketing & Sales and Word Processing departments prove unwilling to share the monetary burden, we believe that it is time for these units to purchase their own equipment. We ask you to allocate funds to the needs of our department out of the general equipment budget as upgrading our technological capabilities will contribute to the general rise in the companys productivity. In the appendix you will find specifications of the equipment that we ask you to purchase or lease.

Critique of Sartre’s Concept of “Existence Precedes Essence” Essay

Existentialism evolved as an attempt to come up with an authentic response to the existential angst of modern man in seem of his identity and place in introduction. Perhaps the very first existentialist thinker and philosopher in history, Socrates, put fundamental stress on the enquiry of the head word Who am I? On the other hand, the twentieth century philosopher with whom the movement of existentialism is most commonly associated with, Sartre, says that with man, existence precedes essence. That is to say, thither is no essence as such which man foot discover inside his being.He has to create it, as it were, from nothing, through his efforts and choices. This is the central tenet of Sartres brand of existentialism. In a way, it sounds very pessimistic, but at the same time, such an observation can lead us to realize the freedom of mans being, inspiring us to attain greater meaning in our lives. Sartres stance seems to be very heroic, and his attitude can fill us with new energ y to present and create. However, as we shall see, considered purely on a logical and philosophical basis, his theory rings completely hollow, indeed as hollow as the nothingness he talks about.In his essay Existentialism as Humanism Sartre most eloquently sets out to clarify what exactly is meant by existentialism in the graceful sense of the word. This he does with amazing simplicity, putting the essence of the philosophical system of which he is one of foremost proponents just in three words existence precedes essence. If God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being who exists before he can be defined by any concept, and that this being is man, or, as Heidegger says, human reality. (p. 349)Sartre proceeds to explain us the meaning of these two concepts essence and existence and the two picture points based on them, namely essence precedes existence and existence precedes essence, in a very lucid style. Sartre gives the example of a simple object, a report card cutter, to illustrate how in the case of this object essence precedes existence, and how it is the other way around in humans. To enter into a conversation with Sartre, however, I would like to bid the example of a simple machine here, a typewriter, to illustrate the same point.Like a paper cutter, a typewriter too is mass-produced, according to a determine model. Therefore, a typewriter is clearly an instance of essence preceding existence. Now let us take a very high power computer. This computer is as much(prenominal) mass-produced and made according to a pre living model as a simple typewriter, here too essence precedes existence. However, whereas a typewriter can do only one thing in a fairly rigid manner, a computer can do a million things in an absolutely flexible style. A typewriter is like an animal, a one-dimensional creature.A powerful computer, on the other hand, is more like a human being, a multidimensional entity. An existentialist l ike Sartre could easily make a claim that in the case of typewriter, essence precedes existence, and in the case of the computer, existence precedes essence. But this is plain wrong. A computer is in like manner made on a pre-existing model, as much as a typewriter is. The existence of a computer is also based on the premise of essence preceding existence as much as that of any manufactured object.Only, the specific nature of tasks it is going to make out depends on the software loaded unto it, and other ways it is programmed. The computer cannot just do absolutely anything, it has its limitations. Human beings too stupefy their limitations, but within these limitations they have an immense choice and freedom to determine what they are going to do and what they are going to be. The statement that universe is nothing but what he makes of himself may sound very good in pep talk, campaign speech or inspirational poetry. But it could be plain absurd, when we consider its philosophi cal implications. gay has a given nature his freedom, limitations and identity are defined by it. For instance, what can man think, achieve, or create without the enormous intelligence endowed to him. Man is intelligent, by nature there is nothing man has done about it. He can further sharpen his intelligence and use it to the best of his ability, or stop apply it and become stupid only this much freedom and scope exists with man. Simply because such scope and freedom exists, one cannot claim that in human beings existence precedes essence.Existence preceding essence would imply that humans are nothing by themselves, that whatever they want to make of themselves they have to distort to become that. Sartre and other existentialists seem to be completely unfamiliar with any basic concepts of psychology. In fact if existentialism were true, there cannot exist any shell called human psychology. Because, according to Sartre, there is nothing like pre-existing human nature. Thus, th ere is no human nature, because there is no God to have a conception of it.Man simply is. Not that he is simply what he conceives himself to be, but he is what he wills and as he conceives himself after already existing as he wills to be after that leap towards existence. Man is nothing else but that which he makes himself. That is the first principle of existentialism. And this is what people call its subjectiveness using the word as a reproach against us. (p. 349) The assertion that Man simply is is simply delusional. I would not call this viewpoint by the term subjectivity, whatever it means.I would call it plain nonsense. If there is no human nature, then what are all psychologists studying and exploring? In fact, by the time of Sartre, there already was a William James, a Freud, and a Jung not to speak of Pavlov, Watson and other behaviorists who equate man to an animal the study of human psychology was very much diversified and in a rather mature stage. Yet, here comes Sartr e and declares that man is free, that he can make absolutely anything out of himself just as he wills almost magically, as it were

A five-year career goal plan

I work for AAFES it is a subcontractor for the government. In this company the main store is called the PX in the civilian world it would be same(p) a Wal-Mart. There are other stores that are included like gas stations and fast food restaurants such as Burger King, Taco bunss, McDonalds etc. AAFES are located on military bases around the world. We serve for the men and women in the military wherever they go we go we house services from the basic necessities to high-end products.My duty as an area manager is to make for certain to take care of the customer service and the complaints also to make current as shooting all training is done by all employees as enquireed. Was a manager I find ways to improve the sales floor with novel fresh idea to meet sales goals. I also make sure all the accounting is correct and accurate such as items that need to be counted twice a day such as laptop iPad high-end Jewelry and items worth more than $1000. I am responsible to make sure that this is correct at all times. I gain to make sure to look at all the receipts making sure that the item is sure properly.When I complete my bachelors in business and human resource I would like to be in a sell environment. Ive been with this company close 9 years I feel I have experience and not the education and thats why Im back in college so I will not get turned down a position because of the lack of education. I believe I could be selected for a store manager position because the education and experience and the classes that I have taken to become a manager. I will need to focus on improving my performance at work. The more I learn about what is needed to become a store manager the easier it will become when Ive met my goal.Within the 3 years of my retail profession I will have my Masters in business and human resource that will reveal me a higher level of education. I will have more training and more experience for the job of being a training speediness manager. I have had 2 manager position in aafes I have been in the position as a Burger King manager and a Retail Manager. I believe with my experience and education I will be more than qualified for the next positions. Within the 5 years of my retail profession I would like to become a retail HR anager I will have my Masters by then Ill have experience being a store manager and food manager also being a training facility manager and that would be my stargaze job and I would stick with that until I retire. I would be more knowledgeable of the different job titles. I would have more experience on what you can do in the company and what you cant do in the company. I would have the experience to make sure the employees complaints are taken care of and be more knowledgeable within the company so I could be successful of helping the employees on different levels.The career driveway that I have chosen will benefit my family. They always say hard work pays off (Evans, Stephanie) and I believe that I would h ave to ritual killing my weekends and holidays with my family for upcoming years for the job of my dreams. I would love to have a 9-to-5 job with weekends and holidays off but I believe that is a small bell to pay for 2 years versus 18 years of the job of your dreams. Knowledge is power in my eyes. (Stephanie Evans) I feel that if I have the education and experiences that I will be successful in meeting goals. I am dedicated Im a hard worker Im reliable and trustworthy.Most of my colleagues come to me because I will share the information that will help them be successful in this company as well. I believe in this company because my dad served in the array and my husband is in the currently in the Army. I always wanted to join the Army but I couldnt because I am physically handicapped and this is one way I can serve my country by put a smile on the faces of the men and women that serve our country, putting their life on the line for our freedom. And all I want to do is to make su re they have great customer service and will have great experience when they shop at AAFES.ReferencesAnderson, L, E., & Bolt, S.B. (2013). Professionalism Skills for Workplace Success. (3rd Ed.). Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle red-hot Jersey. http//www.totaljobs.com/careers-advice/job-profile/retail-jobs/department-manager-job

Classicism Versus Positivism

Two criminological approaches that have the origin in contemporary criminology are classicism and positivism. Classicism has the origin in the eighteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate and positivism in the nineteenth. Both, the classical and the positivism theory are expanded in the past with their own roots, but in today whitlow justness system are still alive. Classicism was first developed by Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, two famous writers which propose in their works that both law and government activity of justice should be based on rationality and human rights. Cesare Beccarias concept of punishment is that punishment should fit the crime.Criminals are seen to owe a debt to nightclub and punishment should be fixed strictly in proportion to the seriousness of the crime. (Beccaria, 1974 cited in Burke, 2001, p. 27) and Jeremy Bentham greatest principle was the greatest happiness for the greatest number, he snarl that punishments should be calculated to inflict pain in direct proportion to the damage done to the public interest. (Criminology a well-disposed introduction, second edition, p. 56) Positivism or the science of crime was first developed by Cesare Lambroso in the late nineteenth century.He is the founder of modern criminology and he is known for his notion of the atavistic criminal (Taylor et all, 1973, p. 41) and he described criminals as atavistic, a throwback to an earlier form of evolutionary life (Taylor et all, 1973, p. 41). Cesare Lambroso defined them into five main categories born criminals, epileptics, insane criminals, casual criminals and criminals of passion. (Lecture 3) Positivism within criminology has been enormously influential and comes for substantive and sustained criticism.Critics of individual positivism such as David Matza (1964) argue that it draws on three problematic sets of assumptions (Tierney, 1996) determinism, differentiation and pathology. (Criminology, Tim Newburn, p. 128) Firstly both criminological approaches have different perspective on the human subject. The classicalist theory says that human are rational beings with a free ordain to act and once they make a decision they must accept the consequences after it. They are individuals and they make a ration choice.On the other hand the cocksure theory says humans have no moral responsibility, they are driven into crime by forces largely out of their control and they are using methods derived from the graphic sciences and their crime is caused by biological, psychological or affable factors (determinism). Crime is not a free choice but is determined. Positivism is a deterministic theory. (Criminology a genial introduction, second edition, p. 63). Secondly in the classical model unlike positivism, it views committing crime as making a free choice (Criminology a social introduction, second edition, p. 8). In positivism theory we can find a differentiation, the criminal is a specific type of person (Criminology a social int roduction, second edition, p. 62) and criminals differ from non-criminals. Thirdly between classicism and positivism is also a pathology difference the criminals are not only different there is something amiss(p) with them. Cesare Lombroso identified not just the born criminal, but also the emotional criminal, the morally insane criminal and masked epileptic criminal (Criminology a social introduction, second edition, p. 62).In conclusion these two contrasting approaches are different and contain distinct periods in the past, classicism and positivism. I believe it is fair to say that their being is not as heavily relied upon as it once was in the past. Bibliographic reference An introduction to criminological theory, Roger Hopkins Burke. (2001) Criminology a social introduction, Eamonn Carrabine, Pam Cox, Maggy Lee, Ken Plummer and Nigel South. (Second edition, 2009) The New Criminology, Taylor, I. , Walton, P. and Young, J. , Chapter 1. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge an d Kegan Paul. (1973) Criminology, Tim Newburn. (2007)

Juvenile and Adult Courts Essay

One dilemma that is an issue in our society is crime among our youths. Crime is everyplace that is elbow greased by some(prenominal) prominents and youth. Daily we hear of murders, robberies, and rapes that have been committed by juveniles. The Juvenile Court with Adult Court is assorted and similar in the poisonous justice brass.A look at the juvenile history in 1643 a sixteen year disused boy was put to death for sodomizing a cow. Today legion(predicate) press outs disagree in the execution of juveniles. In the present day the increasing violence, both juvenile and adult system of rules has changed over the geezerhood (Simmons 2002).The juvenile philosophy in juvenile tourist courts was to offer the youth an individualized justice and treatment instead of imparting justice and avengement. The juvenile court is different then adult court and from earlier periods of American history was the idea of protecting the children.The reduce is treatment and the best interest of the child in the disposition.Since the extend of serious violent crimes by juveniles policymakers have argued for tougher penalties ar needed in deterring crime among juveniles. This caused an increase of juveniles in adult courts. It seems that tougher policies have non decrease or deter juveniles for committing serious crimes.There argon five major ways juveniles get transferred to adult courts.1. Discretionary judicial wavier,2. Mandatory judicial wavier,3. Presumptive judicial wavier, when the burden of the proof is on the juvenile courts is more appropriate,4. Prosecutorial direction to charge in adult court,5. Statutory exclusion provision, which automatically exclude certainjuveniles referable to their time (Simmons 2002).Similarities Juvenile and Adult.You can ask yourself two questions? Do juveniles who be in adults court getting treated harsh compared to theses in juveniles court? Do juveniles in adults court non repeat offense that those in juvenile court? Accord ing to the Serious Violent Juveniles Offenders study group no genuine study has been done on the two questions many of us ask ourselves.The juvenile/adult justice system refers to the practice of law, the juvenile/adult courts, their intake and probation officers, attorneys for the state and the juvenile/adult/parents, juvenile/adults detention/jail faculties, juvenile/adult correctional faculties, social wreaker that place juveniles that are court ordered. Each champaign of the system has different discretions that keep the system in check. Juveniles/adults both have the right to receive Miranda warning. Juveniles/adults are protected from prejudicial lineups producers (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003).Equivalent guidelines protect juveniles and adults from admitting guilt. Prosecutors and defensive measure attorney both have a significant responsibility in both juvenile and adult advocacy. Juveniles and adults have both the right to a counselor-at-law for the court proceed ings. Similarities of negotiation or plea barging exist in both juveniles and adults offenders. Juveniles and adults both have the right to a hearing and appeal. Juveniles and adults can be both placed on probation. Both juveniles and adults can be detaining for pretrial in jail. Juveniles and adults can be kept in jails without adhesiveness, if they are a threat or dangerous. After the dock both juveniles and adults can be placed into a treatment program (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003).Diferences Juveniles and Adult.The juvenile and adult systems are similar in many ways and yet are also different in many ways. In the juvenile system the standard of evidence of juvenile delinquency adjudications, in adult court trail it is the proofbeyond a reasonable doubt (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003).The vital purpose of the juvenile courts is to protect and treatment for the child. Whereas adults the focus is to punish the guilty. Age determines the jurisdiction for a juvenile in juvenile court. The nature of the offense determines jurisdiction in the adult system (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003).Juveniles proceeding are not considered criminal adult proceedings are. Juvenile court proceeding are usually informal and confidential. Whereas adult courts are held more formal and are dependent to the public and are not confidential. Courts can release the identity or any information about a juvenile in a trail to the media, but the courts must release any information regarding an adult to the media (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003).Juveniles can be detained for acts that would not be considered criminal if they were adults, status offense. In the juvenile court parents/guardians are involved in every step of the proceedings, but not in the adults process. The juvenile can be release to their parents/guardians supervision if the charge is not a felony or if there is a need for protection. Adults if not a threat or dangerous are given a possibility for bai l (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003).Some major differences between juveniles and adults are the issue that juveniles have no right to a jury trail, adults have that right. Juveniles who are questioned by a police officer can just give their names and address they parents/guardians must be notified. Juveniles can be searched but must express rejection, but in a school sitting a search without probable cause is valid. For adults they are detained and must answer any question they choose to answer without an attorney, searches are done for officer safety, probable cause must be present. A juveniles record can be sealed at the age of maturity, usually at the age of 18 years old. For adults the records are permanent (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003).Benefits and disadvantages of juvenile court from the perspective of a youth offender.The death penalty is a conservational issue in the criminal justice system today. Capital punishment is allowed in 35 states. Over the past years some of those that were executed were seventeen years old when they committed the crime of murder. The Supreme Court ruled in the case of Thompson v. Oklahoma 1988 that it is unconstitutional to execute juveniles who commit a crime at the age of 15 years old (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). Then a year later the Supreme Court ruled a juvenile who commits a crime at the age of 16 can be executed. Even though Thompsons life was spared this still leaves a question whether juveniles murders are criminals who deserve to die or whether or not they can be rehabilitate to learn to live a productive life. The issue is more conservational for executing juveniles then adults (Allard, Young. 2002).Despite the rights seriousd by the case Gerald Gaullt, juveniles can still de deprived of some freedom for actions that would be considered criminal if an adult. Some of these offenses are truancy, running away, and incorrigibility. Juveniles are minors and are immature, unable(predicate) and prote ction is waived if they commit an adult crime. The juvenile system is been criticized because children have many rights that caused the fine line to be little define between childhood and maturity (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003).Thinking for a juvenile offender is the fresh beginning of a new life after the age of 18 years of age, juvenile records are sealed. The idea that you can be treated and to understand a life of crime only makes life harder when becoming an adult.Societal implications of abolishing juvenile court.The juvenile system is set up to protect the best interest of the child. Since the change of crime and time juveniles are committing adult crimes. The system is so well establish. Judges control over juvenile court in allstates. The implication of doing away with the juvenile system will just only cause confusing and cause the system to obstruct the entire criminal justice system.Recommendations for the future of the Juvenile Justice system.The juvenile court of the future will likely remain in our society. The focus of the future juvenile court is to intervene on behalf of children and families in crisis. The courts jurisdiction in the future maybe to focus less on delinquent cases that involved juveniles who are older and have committed serious crime. The focus of the best interest of the child will remain the universe of the system (Roleff 2000)The future of childrens rights lie in the give of every state. The history of the juvenile justice system has brought its own political, economic, and social challenges, their will continuously be conservational issues. The future of the system is that children now have the real opportunity to express their voice and ideas on how they can improve their world.The future goal should focus on early intervention, the juvenile court personnel must work outside the system to find the best for the child. A continuing characteristic of the system will always be age based jurisdiction (Roleff 2000). The future trend in the juvenile system will be the issues of juveniles begin transferred to adult court. The fine line of juvenile court borderlines between adult courts of those juveniles who commit a serious crime. Risk Assessment is tools that are completed for every juvenile that enters the court system. The assessment should change with time, to fit the juvenile. These programs that are resulted from the assessment focus, on prevention or rehabilitation. Prevention programs are to prevent juveniles from becoming delinquents. Rehabilitation programs are to focus on reducing delinquency. And just maybe with their voice and their parents and the help of each state will conventionality change future ideas.I work at the Pima County Adult Detention Center here in Tucson the jail throws juveniles who have committed adult crimes in the West Facility. The unit is considered a specialize unit the unit uses a point system to encourage positive behaviors. The treatment programs is total ly different then the adult inmates. They also get hold meals and snacks every day. The jail also has schooling for the juveniles, which is required for them to attend. The unit also has another unit that hold new arrestees and those juveniles who are a threat to staff, or other inmates. I never really knew what happens to juveniles who commit serious crime until now.With time the juvenile justice system will always change as time goes by. The Supreme Court will always hear cases that will make changes in the system. Crime is a increasing among our youths and will always be a challenging battle for us in the law enforcement community. All we can is to embrace change for the best and to understand the future lies in the hands of our children. As a Correction Officer for Pima County Sheriff Department I would like to see what happen in the aspect of juveniles in adult detention centers.References1. Allard, Paterica and Young, Malcolm. (2002). The Sentencing aim Prosecuting Juveniles in Adult Court.2. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. December (2003). Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved August 30, 2005, from University of Phoenix Web site https//mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp http//www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ojjdp/201370.pdf http//faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/294/294lect01.htm .3. Kalinich, D., Klofas, J., & Stojkovic, S. (2003). Criminal Justice Organizations. Retrieved August 30, 2005, from University of Phoenix Web site https//mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp4. Roleff, Tamara. (2000). Crime and Criminal. Greenhaven Press, Inc.5. Simmons, Adele. (2002). A century of juvenile justice. The University of Chicago Press.6. White, Carter. (2002). Reclaiming incarcerated youths by means of education. Corrections Today Volt 64, Issue 2, Apr 2002. Record Number 123325831.

Interest Rate Behavior and Lending in Microfinance

An Essay on affaire Rate Behavior and add in dwarfishfinance Abstract This essay analyzes factors which equal hobby send behavior and its subsequent impact on lending in microfinance. Here we have used regression psycheate for our analysis. Further much than equality has been drawn among the different sources of lends out placement Bangladesh. Here the experience of microfinance outside Bangladesh like India, South and South-East Asia, Latin America has been fully illustrated. This essay conducts analysis on the basis of the existing literatures on Microfinance. gratify Rate Behavior De terminal figureinants of stakes rate of lending in Micro-finance * to expand and improve business operation * recruiting personnel , * merchandise the services , * improving pecuniary study system, * constructing virgin offices * Default * Unwillingness to pay * Poor Management * Economic recession * Inability to pay * staff identifying * Checking assuranceworthiness * treating lo an activitys, * disbursing loans, monitoring * collecting quittances, * costs of the space occupied, * communications, transport, * shop at staff, Grant * Equity * Foundation * Trust * Saving Account We can chance on that in MFI lending there is steep matter to rate than the commercialized banks lending rate. The wager rate clapd here is exalteder as cost of funding, processing, cost of risk of loan losses and profit be higher(prenominal) in this case. The graph below shows the different ingredients interest rate. As above-mentioned factors ar genuinely much crucial in this atomic number 18a that is why require duplication attention and thereby require the MFI to charge high interest rate. Rosemberg, R. , A. Gonzalez and S.Narain (2009) and Gonzalez (2010), suggest that though small loan provided by the MFI has low default rate but has higher administrative cost that near of the cases can non be offset by economies of scale. These administrative costs be the singl e queen-sizest contributor to interest grade. eventually, they suggest that, a bigger loan size may benefactor them to slue their lending interest rate. Further, they also emphasize if higher loans were received by more experienced borrowers then mention risk would decline and thereby interest pass judgment. Lending in Micro-finance Accordingly the loan transaction may be described in the following steps.First, the financial firm decides how much to charge and what the optimal loan size to offer must be in order to reach its profitability goal. Once known the value of the lending interest rate and the average loan size the financial institution offers, a potential customer decides whether s/he wants to request a loan. Taking into paper the credit history of the potential borrower and its income-expenditure stream, the financial institution builds a risk profile of the individual. With this at hand, they decide where to lend or non. The loan transaction process is given bel ow P. otler of Groningen university with his vast research wanted to show that profitability will increase when lending interest rates and/or productivity and/or the loan size increase or when the funding cost declines . He also showed that The lending interest rate will be negatively correspond with the loan size. So if they wish to carry through a higher profitability it is likely that all else equal they will offer loans of higher size. When microfinance institutions start trading operations they usually offer loans of small amounts because they do not have much capital or experience and debtors tend to be people without credit history.We cause that the lending interest rate is negatively correlated with the productivity of financial institutions and years of operation and positively correlated with the funding costs. What Can Reduce the wager judge in Microfinance? P. cotler also shows that probability that financing boosts matureth is weakened if interest rates ar extre mely high. There argon two policies to reduce interest rate * One is to reducing funding cost and * An new(prenominal) is increasing productivity. How could productivity be raised? Institutional factors such as engineering use and management quality and commitment to cogency should be vari opens to consider.Further, it should depend on with what capacity loan officers to reach their target clients. Such capacity not only depends on the quality of infrastructure but maybe more important on the geographic and demographic characteristics of the nation in which microfinance institutions operate. 1 do of Competition everyplace Lending Behavior in Microfinance Competition in a good influencing factor for the foodstuffs, consumer protections, efficiency of allocation and incentive for the developing of new products. MFIs enjoyed a monopolistic trade in the early years of its rise.Monopolistic merchandise power is associated with allocative inefficiency. Allocative inefficiency re fers to the welfare losses as a consequence of high prices a monopolist charge. There is as yet further loss if the monopolist employs inefficient technology (productive inefficiency). Besides, there may not be demands to invest in efficient technology and introduce new products. Therefore, it would be factualistic to assume rivalry can be beneficial in the context of microfinance trade as it may result in improved and new financial product designs, better customer services, bring down costs and lower interest rates.The early(a) side of the argument is that microfinance market pips use of soft-information and depends on strong MFI-client relationship. MFIs provide financial services for the poor that are considered not creditworthy by the conventional banks. They are often praised for overcoming the problem of information asymmetry and providing loans without collateral requirements. They do so by establishing strong personal relationship with clients. An other tool is the us age of other forms of collateral such as group lending that generates social collateral.Competition and the effort to win clients and expand market share, therefore, may lead to low screening and lending standards. There are some indications of lose MFI-clients relationship with intense argument. Increased competition is also associated with an increase in information asymmetry, which makes it difficult for MFIs to know close the general debt level of clients. This in turn may lead to manifold acceptation, serious debt burdens, low repayment rates and poor portfolio quality.The force play of competition could go both ways and de go tos an empirical investigation. However, very few examine the effect of competition among MFIs and the literature on competition in microfinance is limited. Below is an overview of the few visible(prenominal) related works. The contract on making MFIs profi fudge and financially-sustainable started in the 1980s and 1990s. The essential elements of t his approach are competition, regulation and profitability. The essay explores the Latin American microfinance market where the commercial approach to microfinance proceeded rapidly.It describes the market as facing rising competition, which leads to market saturation in some countries. Olivares-Polanco (2005) examines some of the subjective and descriptive evidences. He investigates the effect of competition by mainly foc apply on outreach (measured by loan size). His findings show that increased competition results in lower outreach. Navajaset al. (2003) studied competition in the Bolivian microfinance market by focusing on two major MFIs (Casa Los Andes and BancoSol), which collectively have around 40 percent market share.The results suggest that expiration of competition is ambiguous since competition leads to innovation thereby expanding outreach. However, it reduces the ability of lenders to cross-subsidize slight profitable smaller loans. In a similar study, Vogelgesang (20 03) examines how competition affects loan repayment mental process for Caja Los Andes. The analysis indicates competition is related with multiple loan taking and higher levels of borrower indebtedness. The probability of default is also shown to be high with higher levels of indebtedness.On the other hand, he argues the probability of timely repayment is high in areas where there is high competition and high supply of microfinance services. Thus, the results seem inconclusive. A theoretical model developed by McIntosh and Wydick (2005) characterizes the effects of competition between MFIs where increased competition leads to increased information asymmetry. As a number of competing MFIs amplify in a market, which makes information sharing between them challenging, borrowers may engage in multiple borrowing which increases the debt level of clients and the probability of default.This in turn can make worse off borrowers with a single lender since this behavior will create an exter nality by inciting MFIs to respond to multiple borrowing by adjusting interest rates upward. In a Ugandan microfinance market, which McIntosh et al. , (2005) studied, there is a rise multiple borrowing and decline in repayment rate as competition intensifies. another(prenominal) works that do not address the effect of competition among MFIs but present an argument about the possible effects of competition includes Hermes et al. (2009). Their work examines how overall level of financial development in a country affects the efficiency of MFIs.After presenting a balanced argument that the effect of financial development on efficiency could be both negative and positive, they empirically muniment a positive effect of financial development of efficiency of MFIs. They suggest competition, among other channels, through and through which financial development could affect efficiency. On a related work, Cull et al. (2009b) investigates how MFIs perform under the pressure of competition fr om formal banks. Their results show that in a country where there is larger formal bank presence, MFIs tend to deepen their outreach (i. . , extend their outreach to women and also lend in small amounts). However, the effect on other performance indicators, such as profitability, appears weak. Findings Given significantly large number of people in developing countries are financially excluded and the relative success of MFIs in promoting entranceway to finance for the poor, it is not surprising to see MFIs get the attention they are enjoying. With the outgrowth of the microfinance sector and increasingly varied players comes intense competition, which the effects on MFIs outcomes are not clear.In this essay, we take the first approach in measuring competition in a standard way. Interestingly, the measure shows indeed competition is growing in the microfinance market. As a next step, a critical question is addressed, namely what is the effect of increased competition. We conside r important dimensions of MFIs performance. These are outreach, loan repayment, efficiency and profitability. The results document strong negative effects of competition on performance of MFIs, after controlling for various macroeconomic and MFI factors.We show competition is negatively related with outreach piece of music it is associated with rising default rates. Furthermore, declining efficiency and deteriorating financial performance is shown to be associated with intense competition. The results might appear rather depressing for microfinance enthusiast, anyone for that matter, who would like to see the sector grow and bring all the positive benefits along. What could be done? These calls for measures that do not put a halt on the growth of the sector rather tally the (negative) competitive effects are minimized.This may include designing ways that makes sure MFIs do not compromise lower lending standards for increased market share. At the same time, designing ways that put up information sharing between MFIs, so that a borrower that default on one MFI loan could not turn to another MFI in the neighborhood and granted a loan, can contribute to lower delinquency as well as better borrowers welfare. In addition, promoting financial literacy among clients may help them in their borrowing decisions, which in turn may limit multiple loan-taking. Finally, as we show in the results, increased competition is negatively associated with efficiency of MFIs.Innovative ways among MFIs that could enhance efficient service provision may also help in ensuring benefits from the growth in the microfinance market. Incentives and Disincentives that Affect Lending Behavior in Microfinance In late 1980s and early 1990s thousands of non- administrational organizations (NGOs) and specialized finance institutions around the world initiated micro try finance programs. almost of these programs are financially supported by the international donor agencies or governments to imp rove the lives of the poor.Therefore, for NGOs micro enterprise finance appears to be socially motivated. Reasons Why believes grade Micro and Small Enterprise contributes Frequency of Response* % of total a) Profitability of micro and small loans 72 49% b) Changing market conditions and increasing competition in lending to large/medium enterprises 64 44% c) Regulations imposed by the government 25 17% - d) Poverty alleviation / social objectives 29 20%Disincentives for Making Micro and Small Enterprise Loans Frequency of Response % of total a) Higher administrative costs 29 40% b) Risky borrowers 12 17% c) Interest rate controls 21 29% d) Not interested in micro enterprises 5 7% e) Lack of network and personnel to serve this market 23 32% f) Other 18 5% Banks Lending Behavior and Loan CharacteristicsBanks Age and Their Portfolio Share in Micro/Small credit line Loans Out of 148 banks, 119 banks answered to the question on loan portfolio analysis. When these banks are classifi ed according to the number of years since they were established, it is found that the newly established banks, on average, have a larger share of loan portfolio delegated to small and micro enterprise loans than the older banks. Loan Terms The findings of this research indicate that, the loan name provided by these commercial banks for small and micro enterprises ranges between three months to six years.On average, the loan term for micro enterprise loans is 2. 4 years and for small businesses it is 2. 9 years. These loan terms are much longer than the loan terms provided by NGOs, which are generally between one to three months. Average Loan Terms for Micro and Small Enterprise Loans Sample surface Average (years) Median (years) Micro 57 2. 4 1. 75 Small 46 2. 9 3. 00 Loan term In micro and small business finance, the loan term or the loan repayment schedule can affect the ability of the borrower to pay his/her loan back.The shorter loan terms or frequent payments of installments can make it easier for the borrower to pay his/her loan back, whereas the longer loan terms and infrequent payments of loan installments can make it difficult for micro/small business owners to pay their loan on time. Therefore, the longer the loan term, or the less(prenominal) frequent are the loan installments it is more likely for banks to have higher arrears which indicates a positive relationship between the length of the loan term and the level of arrears for a bank.Average interest rate on micro/small loans In the micro finance literature, it has been widely accepted that micro and small enterprises are sure-footed of borrowing at commercial, or market interest rates. Furthermore, it is also argued that, if micro or small enterprise loans are subsidized by governments, loan default or corruption may be encouraged which may result in higher arrears in banks loan portfolios. These arguments suggest a negative relationship between loan rates and banks arrears.On the other han d, the higher nominal interest rate paid on a loan implies a great cash flow burden on the enterprise hence increasing the likelihood of arrears. Due to data limitations, other financial costs, such as fees and commissions associated with the loan could not be taken into account in this research. Findings The higher the loan interest rate given everything else is held constant the higher will be the rate of arrears.This finding contradicts with the common argument that the micro and small enterprises are capable of borrowing and paying their loan back with a high rate of interest. It is however important to note that micro and small enterprises may show different characteristics in loan repayment with respect to given interest rates. One of the most important findings of this study is that many banks are using inappropriate lending criteria when making loans and managing their portfolio of small business loans.In the case of small business loans the banks that require collateral ha ve higher than average levels of loan arrears. then reliance on collateral tends to cause poor borrower evaluation and inadequate follow up once the loan have been made. It is also found that the level of interest rate charged on the loans is not a factor poignant the rate of arrears for micro enterprise loans but it is a factor affecting the level of arrears for small business loans. Justification of high interest rate in Micro financeSmall businesses normally struggle to find out the sources of fund cod to the small size of business where lenders face difficulties to cover up the loan money. From several evidences it is observed that small businesses are very efficient to utilize the coin and can rapidly realize profits though borrowing at very high interest rate. An author explained this through an example of a produce seller who takes loan in the morning, buys fruit, sells it and pay lender outrageous rates to repay the money by the end of the day.So, It is very critical t hat though rates are high that MFIs have, small business can cover the spread. How can interest rate be reduced? Evidences from Bolivia pursue us that interest rate in micro finance sector can be reduced by great regulation and create a competitive environment among the micro finance institutions. If situation looks like that MFIs are managing huge profits in that case government should take some initiatives that will discourage MFIs to make extra ordinary profit.Government can give licenses to new MFIs to create competition. But it should be remember that regulatory framework is a vital element. So, before giving licenses government should strengthen the monitoring function. Then we can expect thatat least some of that profitability will be passed back to the customer either through lower rates, reduced fees or another way. Should Subsidy Be Provided To Reduce Interest Rate? From the very beginning of the history of Micro finance we see that it has been growing at an exponential ra te over the years.Many evidences about the recovery rates convince us that interest rate is almost justified so gift may create distortion in this sector. According to Mary Ellen Iskenderian, President and CEO of Womens World Banking, I dont think a subsidy is the way to go about reducing rates because, in the end, the reason that microfinance has been so successful to-date is that it has always been about sustainabilitysustainability of the institutions to recover their costs as well as sustainability of the borrower to make on-time payments. Responsiveness of lending amount to the throws in interest rate Example from Bangladesh Bangladesh is a poorness-stricken country. It is a great fun for marginal people to get loans from MFIs because it is almost impossible for them to manage loan from conventional commercial banks. So, poor people are willing to pay even high interest rate to get loans. Now the question is that how are poor people responsive to increase in interest rate c harged by MFIs? SafeSave, a credit cooperative in the slums of Dhaka,Bangladesh, operate three branches across the city to provide credit.Administrative records kept by this MFI asserts that when interest rate increases suddenly, less wealthy borrowers reduce their demand for loan and they are relatively more sensitive than the wealthy borrowers. Another important thing is that the loan portfolio of this organization shifts from less wealthy borrowers from wealthy borrowers with the increase in interest rate. Influential advocates now argue that poorhouseholds are so insensitive to interest rates so interest rate in micro finance sector should be deregulated.If this is so, microfinance can readily expandto serve the hundreds of millions of currently excluded households, without sacrificingdepth of outreach. This claim is far from clear as a general proposition. First, diminishing marginal returns to capital disregards the possibility of unequal access to non-capital inputs like mana gerial skillsand human capital by poor borrowers. more thanover, raising interest rates can in principle exacerbate moralhazard and adverse selection, worsening loan repayment rates and screening out the most reliable borrowers.And, piece microlenders may still find a pool of customers afterreal interest rates are raised, the customers may not be from the same pool that was reliable, willing and able to pay the lower rates. In addition, Moral perception to keep costs as low as possible for the poor, have compelled thelargermicrolenders in Bangladesh to keep real interest rates below 40 percent per year,even if it means turning to subsidized resources to cover costs (e. g. , Morduch, 1999). The average fees charged by two large lenders in Bangladesh arejust under 30 percent.The Grameen Bank (which is not one of the two) keeps theirinterest rates and fees close to 20 percent per year (nominal) on their main lending productsand they terminate suggestions to raise rates. Experience i nside Bangladesh Credit rake system by Grameen bank Grameen Bank Credit Delivery means taking credit to the very poor in their villages by means of the essential elements of the Grameen credit delivery system. The credit delivery system of this authentic micro-finance is very much well-functioning. The credit delivery is the most productive weapon of Grameen bank to reach the highest number of its beneficiaries.Grameen Bank credit delivery system has the following features 1 There is an exclusive focus on the poorest of the poor. Exclusivity is ensured by i) establishing clearly the eligibility criteria for selection of targeted clientele and adopting practical measures to screen out those who do not meet them ii) ii) in delivering credit, priority has been increasingly appoint to women iii) iii) the delivery system is geared to meet the diverse socio-economic development needs of the poor 2 Borrowers are organized into small homogeneous groups. Such characteristics further group solidarity as well as participatory interaction.Organizing the primary groups of five members and federating them into centres has been the foundation of Grameen Banks system. The emphasis from the very outset is to organisationally strengthen the Grameen clientele, so that they can consider the capacity for planning and implementing micro level development decisions. The Centres are functionally linked to the Grameen Bank, whose field workers have to attend Centre meetings every week. 3 picky loan conditionalities which are particularly suitable for the poor. These include i) very small loans given without any collateral i) loans repayable in weekly instalments spread over a year iii) Eligibility for a subsequent loan depends upon repayment of first loan iv) Individual, self chosen, quick income generating activities which employ the skills that borrowers already posses v) close supervision of credit by the group as well as the bank staff vi) stress on credit discipline and c ollective borrower responsibility or associate pressure vii) Special safegaurds through compulsory and voluntary savings to minimise the risks that the poor confront viii) Transparency in all bank transactions most of which take place at centre meetings Simultaneous undertaking of a social development agenda addressing basic needs of the clientele. This is reflected in the sixteen decisions adopted by Grameen borrowers. This helps to i) Raise the social and political consciousness of the newly organized groups ii) Focus increasingly on women from the poorest households, whose urge for survival has a far greater bearing on the development of the family iii) Encourage their monitoring of social and physical infrastructure projects housing, sanitation, drinking water, education, family planning, etc. Design and development of organization and management systems capable of delivering programme resources to targeted clientele. The system has evolved gradually through a structured learning process, that involves trials, errors and continuous adjustments. A major requirement to operationalize the system is the special training inevitable for development of a highly motivated staff, so that the decision making and operational authority is gradually decentralized and administrative functions are delegated at the zonal levels downwards. 6 Expansion of loan portfolio to meet diverse development needs of the poor. As the general credit programme gathers momentum and the borrowers become familiar with credit discipline, other loan programmes are introduced to meet growing social and economic development needs of the clientele. Besides housing, such programmes include i) Credit for building well latrines ii) Credit for installation of tube wells that supply drinking water and irrigation for kitchen gardens iii) Credit for seasonal cultivation to buy agricultural inputs iv) Loan for leasing equipment / machinery, ie. cell phones purchased by Grameen Bank member s v) Finance projects undertaken by the entire family of a seasoned borrower. Three Cs in Credit delivery Character means how a person has handled past debt obligations From credit history and personal background, honesty and reliability of the borrower to pay credit debts is determined. Capacity means how much debt a borrower can comfortably handle. Income streams are analyzed and any level-headed obligations looked into, which could interfere in repayment.Capital means current available assets of the borrower, such as real estate , savings or enthronisation that could be used to repay debt if income should be unavailable. The loan disbursement has been robust year after year and profit has also been increasing year after year. The loan disbursement schedule and profit are summarized below year Loan disbursement (million Tk) Profit/loss (million Tk) 2001 146538. 20 58. 45 2002 162286. 24 59. 67 2003 183575. 33 357. 52 2004 209166. 76 422. 13 2005 3248163. 17 1000. 44 006 3063 68. 63 1398. 15 2007 356798. 22 106. 91 2008 418903. 07 1305. 00 2009 498311. 47 371. 57 2010 594460. 61 757. 24 Interest rate charged on different loan on different duration are given below Description of the loan EAIR(Old wages Method) EAIR( in the raw Payment Method) 10- family stable Level Loans Tk. 2,000 350% 556. 44% 10-Year Increasing Loans 18. 48% 44. 13% Actual 7-Year Center Loan History 15. 39% 35. 57% The Old Payment formation Under the old system, Grameen borrowers made weekly payments for 50 weeks.Their principal balance was reduced by the full amount of the payment, and no interest payment is credited. The New Payment System Under the new system, the entire structure of loan payments was altered. The loan payment period is now defined as 46 weeks in length, but factored into the system is the anticipation of 6 official national holidays when the weeks payment is suspended. ASA Microfinance in Bangladesh ASA has been working relentlessly to reduce poverty since its inception in 1978.The formal banking sector in developing countries, like Bangladesh, does not typically provide financial services to the poor. This sector concentrates on large loans to the fastness class, thereby completely excluding low income groups. The microfinance movement, however, has shown that there is a thriving market among the poor when financial products cater to their specific needs. The poor are a kind of active group in any economy. ASA has shown that their needs can be met while at the same time making the providing institution profitable as well.Up to October 2011 ASAs cumulative Loan disbursement has been BDT 481,381 million (US$ 6,326 million) while loan outstanding (principal) is BDT 44,972 million (US$ 591 million) among 4. 43 million borrowers. At the end of June 2011 ASAs Operational Self Sufficiency(OSS) was 182. 48%, Financial Self-sufficiency (FSS) 118. 82% and rate of loan recovery 99. 83%. The loan disbursement over the years are given below Year Di sbursement in million Tk. (during the year) 2008 61,108,00 2009 61,495,00. 2010 68,486,00 011 44,835,00 The rate of interest charged by the ASA is given below Category Eligible Criteria Initial Maximum Loan Size Interest Rate Loan term patriarchal Loan Economically active poor to undertake or strengthen income generating activities (IGAs). BDT 8,000-20,000 to maximum BDT 50,000 at first loan cycle. Maximum 27% declining 4, 6 or 12 months based on nature of IGAs Special Loan Small/micro enterprises or entrepreneurs and traders to promote and scale up production, business activity and employment generation. BDT 51,000-500,000 Maximum 27% declining 12, 18, 24 or 30 months based on nature of enterprises BRAC BRAC, a development organization, was formed in 1972 under the Societies Registration Act 1860. Although it was first set up to resettle refugees in post-war Bangladesh, BRAC later redesigned its strategies in accordance with its philosophy of poverty alleviation and seatment of the poor. At present, BRAC has a large number of development programs that cover the areas of health, education, credit, employment and training for the poor people of Bangladesh.BRAC carries out licensed banking activities through the BRAC Bank Ltd. and also earns from various income generating projects such as Aarong Rural Craft Centre, BRAC Printers and Printing Pack, BRAC Dairy and Food project, BRAC Tea Estates, andvarious programme support enterprises such as poultry farms, feedmills, seedmills and prawn hatcheries. Microloans These loans, which range from USD 50 700, are given exclusively to individual women who are serviced in a group setting, namely the VO. The VO acts as an unaffixed guarantor by creating peer pressure to ensure timely repayment.Borrowers repay through weekly or monthly installments and deposit savings during the regular VO meetings. These loans are generally used for small operations in poultry, livestock, fruit and vegetable cultivation, handicraft s or rural trade. Microenterprise loans (Progoti) These loans, which range from USD 700 to 10,000 are given to both male and egg-producing(prenominal) entrepreneurs to support and help expand existing small enterprises which are too small to qualify for credit from mainstream banks. Borrowers generally use these loans to finance shops and small-scale manufacturing activities.A operate of opportunity BRAC have developed a ladder of financial services to target different poverty groups because we understand that the financial needs of the poor are diverse. The most vulnerable are the extreme poor who do not benefit from microfinance for this group BRAC have developed a grant-based programme that incorporates asset transfers with non-financial support BRACs Ultra Poor programme. Similarly, it has launched, with the help of the Government, a specific customised product for marginal farmers, which combines access to finance with technical support.Another specialised microloan scheme a ims to financially empower adolescent girls, helping them continue their education, build savings and receive livelihood training to start smaller home-based enterprises. The rate of interest charged by the BRAC Bank SL no. Types of loan Annual interest Rate 1 General micro credit (Rural and Urban) 25%-33% 2 Micro Enterprise loan 26%-40% 3 Ultra poor loan 22% 4 Agriculture loan 22%-33% 5 Seasonal loan 26%-33% 6 tragedy management loan 2. 8%-21% Loan Disbursement over the year is given below Sl no. year Loan disbursement(TK) 2009 75680756900 2 2010 38749653600 3 2011 39554248779 4 2012 42235412000 Experience outside Bangladesh There is a vast array of experience outside Bangladesh as microfinance is now a globalphenomenon. The information below is simply intend to give a snapshot of the differentexperiences in a few countries, and to show how the complex issue of interest rates has beenaddressed, either by inaction or explicit action by governments. Figures on interest rates from various countries in different parts of the world are given below, in particular those close inAsia.Countries are also mentioned where the government or parliament (not necessarily thesame) has sought to impose a ceiling on interest rates in the equal belief that poor peoplecannot afford to pay the high interest rates charged by MFIs and that it is indeed immoral thatthose who are poor should pay higher interest rates on loans than those paid by richerindividuals. South and South East Asia The table below (prepared for the Joint Donor Strategy initiative) gives a abridgment picture ofthe situation in selected countries in the S. nd SE Asia Region, showing data assembled byEDA Rural Systems, with the comparative rates in Bangladesh at the bottom of the table forcomparison Three important conclusions can be drawn from these figures. 1. First, that the interest rates charged by MFIs are invariably higher than the rates charged by commercial banks, on average approximately 100% highe r. 2. Second, that in general the rates charged by informal moneylenders vary much more widely than either the rates charged by the banks or by MFIs, and almost always are substantially higher than the rates charged by the MFIs. . Third, the interest rate charged by almost all NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh, 30% effective annual rate, is by no means out of line with what is cosmos charged elsewhere in South and South East Asia. If any person wants to borrow from traditional banking system he has to fill out application form. He has to go to the bank for many times for the sanctioning of loan that incurs substantial amount of out-migration cost for him. In addition to high transportation cost, there are some processing cost and commissions charged by banks.Ultimately, emergenceive interest rate is quite higher in case of borrowing from traditional banking system. On the other hand, traditional banks cant cover up administrative cost by providing small loans. Comparison of Interest Rates o f Various Sources of Loans in India Quoted Cost and Cost after Adjustment for Transaction Costs From the table we see that there is no transaction cost in case of borrowing from MFIs loan. From the evidence of India, we have found that MFIs are used to make election engineering.The main motive of MFIs is to provide credit to women and poor. But, politicians are trying to use it as a political tool. Government provides subsidy which are distributed through MFIs. Large number of impoverished people is a big voting bank for politicians. In this process government influences the decisions of the voters in time of election. In Tamil Nadu we see that government passed ordinance that MFIs could not charge more than 12% interest that may ultimately drive out huge number of lenders from the market.So, poor people have to rely on nonchalant public sector banks and according to Mahajan and Ramola they will not have no recourse except money lenders for borrowing. Interest rate, Lending Micro finance Less Dependence on Money lenders, Mahajon etc More economic activities because of easy funding reduce asymmetry of information, rural development possible. Downward competitive environment in informal market. Rise in income level, buying power, Overall standard of living. Production, consumption level increases. ResultEliminate the practice of charging usury, greater financial leverage, only does it help to reduce poverty, it Scales down inequality as well. Fig Effect of Interest rate, Lending Microfinance On the Perspective of Latin America In Latin America, the leading MFIs all operate under a formal legal framework, usually as specialized MFI banks, under the supervision of the central bank. Figures for five of the best known institutions are given below, all of which have substantial numbers of clients (by the standards of the region) and are currently operating profitably.Probably the most interesting (for Bangladesh) is Comparators which has from its inception deliber ately targeted poorer clients, as can be seen from the current average size of loans ($277). Leading Microfinance Institutions Primary Indicators (End Third Quarter 2003) The figures below for the same five MFIs show the average rates of interest which they are receiving on their various loan products. Descriptive Statistics flirt with Std. Deviation N NO. CLIEN No of CLIENTS 94000. 00 65490. 457 5 AVG. LOAN Average Loan 1002. 0 501. 657 5 LOANST Total Loan 78000000. 00 42361539. 160 5 arrested development Variables Entered/Removed(b) Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 NO. CLIEN No of cLIENTS(a) . Enter a All requested variables entered. b Dependent Variable LOANST Total Loan Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate modify Statistics R Square Change F Change df1 df2 Sig. F Change 1 . 169(a) . 028 -. 295 48213878. 375 . 028 . 088 1 3 . 786 Predictors (Constant), NO. CLIEN No of cLIENTS The unstandardized parameters tell you the difference in Y per unit change in X whereas the standardized tells you the difference in Y in standard deviations per standard deviation difference in X. With the exception of BancoSol, these rates are all higher than those charged by the NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh (in the case of Compartamos substantially so), but their operating costs are also higher than the leading NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh due largely to the higher costs of staff.Nonetheless all five institutions are profitable and the high returns achieved by the three most profitable institutions have enabled them to achieve the most rapid rates of growth in client numbers in the 21 months covered by thee figures almost triple by Banco Solidario more than double by Compartamos and over two thirds by Mibanco. Leading Microfinance Institutions Costs and Interest Rates (End Third Quarter 2003) As reported by Helms and Reille, when BancoSol in Bolivia began as a bank in 1985, it charged a combination of interest and fees equivalen t to 65% effective annual interest rate. Today, BancoSol, operating in a highly ompetitive environment, has brought down its costs and charges interest rates on its products yielding the 24% shown in the table above. According to one of the managers at BancoSol, the banks growth from 4,500 to 55,000 clients in just ten years has been possible by its ability to charge sustainable rates of interest. Further, whilst its return on average assets is a down in the mouth 1. 6%, its current return on average equity is over 11% (because of the leverage it has been able to exercise on its equity). Conclusion Obtaining financial information from institutions involved in microfinance is no easy task.In most countries because there is no financial authority that collects it and makes it available to the public. Furthermore, the absence of governmental or organized market supervision means that these entities can freely decide how to measure if they want to do it the variables describing their different sources of income and expenditure. Finally, even if there were an informal consensus on how to measure these variables, that would not necessarily ensure that the information is reliable since it is very likely that accounting deficiencies might exist. 1. David L. Wright, Dewan A. H.Alamgir, Microcredit Interest Rates in Bangladesh Capping v Competition, Donors Local informative Group on Finance, March 2004. 2. P. Cotler , What Drives Lending Interest Rates in the Microfinance Sector? , August 4th, 2010, Microfinance Workshop, Groningen University. 3. Esubalew Assefa, Niels Hermes and Aljar Meesters, Competition and Performance of Microfinance Institutions, August 2010. 4. Mahajan, Vijay and Ramola, Bharti Gupta (August 2003) Microfinance in India Banyan channelize or Bonsai, a Review Paper for the World Bank 5. Donoghue, Kieran et al, (June 2002), unpublished manuscript for AusAID Interest Rates in Microfinance . Porteous, David, of Finmark Trust, South Africa (2003) unpublished paper Is Cinderella Finally Coming to the Ball? 7. Hatice Jenkins, Commercial Bank Behavior in Micro and Small Enterprise Finance, Development Discussion Paper No. 741, February 2000. 8. Microfinance Institutions Under Interest Rates Ceilings, Denis H. ACCLASSATO, LaboratoiredEconomiedOrleans (LEO), UniversitedOrleans, Preliminary Version, June 2006. 9. Sinha, Sanjay, (2003) Experience in Selected Countries in South and South East Asia on Regulation and Supervision, and Comparative Interest Rates

Ladies & Gentleman Essay

The point was approximately the term ladies and gentle custody. It would be easy to think of upper class wo workforce in flashy dresses and extravagant hats and men in tailcoats and top hats when talking about ladies and gentlemen. still, ace of my goals when victimization the terms is to make their definitions much more than mere appearance, if appearance at all. This modernization of the terms helps bring the definition into the current century and beat up away the traditional and very close-minded definition.It is for this reason that I believe world a chick or gentleman is based on somebodyality, how a person treats others, I speak for most passel who use the term ladies and gentlemen in reference to a persons conduct, non a persons class, social standing, race, sexuality. Some, when faced with the terms ladies and gentlemen, result immediately assume the worst by using the outdated definitions. Some will also dig for reasons to label those who use ladies and gentlem en. In labeling us this way, these the great unwashed do not facilitate any carriage of progress for the terms or for any sort of unity for women, or men, ladies or gentleman.We live where we ought to not judge people by the color of their skin, their class, gender, or sexuality, with all of this, there ar still groups who refuse to take off their blinders. Ladies and Gentleman, now there is a saying that has been with us for a long time, moreover what does it really mean and where did it come from? Lets start with the ladies as we all have been known to do in the century we live in today to always allow ladies to be first. The term ladies could mean many contrasting things to many different cultures so lets get the maven that is primarily recognized by all.There are numerous definitions of a lady and I am sure that we all have varied opinions of what a lady is, but here is a few from the mental lexicon. Chiefly British A familiar womanish title of nobility and other rank, sp ecifically, apply as the title for the wife or widow of a knight or bar unmatchablet. employ as a form of address for a marchi whizss, countess, viscounts, baroness, or baronets. Used as a form of address for the wife or widow of a baron. Used as a courtesy title for the daughter of a duke, a marquis, or an Earl. Used as a courtesy title for the wife of a younger son of a duke or marquis (Ladies, n. . ). To controvert gentleman, as in reference to ladies is an entirely different topic but closely related . However to separate them is almost UN heard of in this society we live in today.The writer here feels it of emergency to come up with a definition of what is a gentleman where did this term come from. The definition of what the dictionary states is , A man of gentle or noble birth or superior social sight Hes too much a gentleman to be a scholar, Used as a form of address for a group of men (gentleman, n. . ). Now we have a general idea of what a Ladies and a gentleman Are, l ets put them together to get a better understanding of Ladies and Gentleman. To take a look at them individually is one aspect to consider but lets look at what a well move person is first and foremost prior to becoming a Lady or a gentleman. IUomo Universal Literally, universal Man a self reliant, multitalented, freethinking individual (Sayre H 2008-2012).From the art lend to the poetry of art and even the given philosophy that was all fair(a) a cultural slice of growing with the ages was known to make Ladies and gentleman and primarily a humanist in all forms of the century. It was real beliefs and attitudes to help make people what is universally known as well rounded . However the immenseness from education to cultural practices from philosophy made them who they were and their practice of becoming ladies and gentleman. In a survey conducted I was able to poll ten people and from vary ages and backgrounds. Although they all had varies opinions on what a lady and what a gen tleman is.It was a little redundant on what the ladies had to say concerning their definitions, and what the men had in their responses. The simple feature from the ladies side was mostly about the dress of a lady and how they carried themselves in public. However on the mens side of the scenario it was mostly about them being of a maternal instinct, and mannerisms of a lady one being polite, sincere and genially whole. However when it came to the Gentleman part of this survey it was all about having prissy employment and being a good provider, and once again a good father figure. homophile(a) as it seems this was from both the manful and the females opinion. My age bracket was from one, my son who is twenty one, to my neighbor who is in their sixties. The ladies were a woman in their mid twenties to my mother in her late seventies. Their vocations were that of manufacturing to one of a professional woman a teacher. However it was an interesting fact when I asked these questions to my girl who was brought up well as she calls it blue blood, or if you will high society and her ideas and experiences being brought up to be a lady.The fact that she was taught to courtesy in her early years and to have good mannerisms of that type of upbringing to be able to be presented to other able blue blooded men at eighteen for a possible mate to ensure of proper breeding from their bloodline was some a crazy response to my questions on being a lady or a gentleman. accordingly to some things up and to suggest whether or not I agree with Castiglione and his descriptions of a woman and that of a man or should we say a lady and a gentleman? To be or not to be the real question, a woman, lady or man or gentleman.Therefore I will share my opinions on the positives, I see fit and the negatives that I believe could be harmful to ones general character. To be natural out of nobility would be an awesome deal but when and where we were born and the granting immunity of choice in our upbringing is one I am a little one-half and half on if that makes sense, in other words I do believe it is wonderful to be born with your parents and having them part of your life to help guide you, and to prevent errors in their culture to help make you a well rounded person.However to feel that a judgment is made upon you from whose family you were born into and how you were to dress and what reactions one would have towards you because of your nobility at birth and being told you believe this way or that way I feel is wrong. Therefore to be judgmental of the skin the dress and down to the language and how it is spoken to others and to concord their worthiness by a persons size is a little farfetched but perhaps in that century the judgment rang true of a persons actions be it male or female.To be a lady who plucks eyebrows or powders their face, or to be a wanton women to bonny men or I believe the proper term here is harlot. Men of good lay and build for fighting wars o r one whom is of a cowardice nature, but what of those men who flatly just did not measure up to the standards of a fighter for wars. In our society today we are sanely powerless of what our physical stature is to stupefy and therefore almost impossible to say what we will become and surely plays an important role in the attitude towards that.